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NEET উদ্ভিদ রাজ্যের তুলনামূলক টেবিল (বাংলা সহ)
Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperm ও Angiosperm এর সম্পূর্ণ তুলনা
| বৈশিষ্ট্য | Algae | Bryophyta | Pteridophyta | Gymnosperm | Angiosperm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Habitat (বাসস্থান) | প্রধানত জলজ (freshwater বা marine) | স্যাঁতসেঁতে স্থলভাগে | আর্দ্র বনাঞ্চলে | ঠান্ডা-শুষ্ক অঞ্চল (coniferous forest) | সব পরিবেশে অভিযোজিত (most evolved) |
| 2. Plant Body (উদ্ভিদের গঠন) | Simple, thalloid, root/stem/leaf নেই
কোনো vascular tissue নেই
|
Thalloid বা leafy, শিকড় নেই (rhizoids present)
Rhizoids: unicellular/multicellular
|
True root, stem, leaf; no seed/flower
Microphylls (e.g. Selaginella), Megaphylls (e.g. Fern)
|
Well-developed root/stem/leaf
Xerophytic adaptations
|
Highly organized with flower & fruit
Double fertilization, fruit formation
|
| 3. Vascular Tissue (পরিবাহী কলা) | অনুপস্থিত
Nutrients diffuse directly
|
অনুপস্থিত
Water transport via osmosis
|
উপস্থিত (প্রথম vascular plant)
True xylem/phloem শুরু
|
অত্যন্ত উন্নত vascular tissue
Xylem without vessels
|
Highly evolved vascular system
Xylem with vessels
|
| 4. Dominant Generation (প্রাধান্যপ্রাপ্ত প্রজন্ম) | Gametophyte (n)
Haplontic or isomorphic life cycle
|
Gametophyte (n)
Sporophyte is dependent
|
Sporophyte (2n)
Independent sporophyte
|
Sporophyte (2n)
Gametophyte reduced
|
Sporophyte (2n)
Gametophyte microscopic
|
| 5. Alternation of Generation | Haplontic / Isomorphic
Mostly haplontic life cycle
|
Heteromorphic (n > 2n)
First embryophytes
|
Heteromorphic (2n > n)
Show heterospory (in Selaginella)
|
Heteromorphic
Clear alternation; cones carry gametes
|
Heteromorphic
Most reduced gametophyte
|
| 6. Sex Organs (জনন অঙ্গ) | Jacket-less, unicellular
oogamous in most
|
Jacketed, multicellular
Fertilization in archegonium
|
Same as Bryophytes
Archegonium present
|
Same, highly reduced
Archegonia inside ovules
|
Anther (♂), Ovary (♀)
Archegonia absent, embryo sac forms
|
| 7. Fertilization (নিষেক) | Requires water
Sperm swims to egg
|
Requires water
Zoospore → Antherozoid → Egg
|
Requires water
First archegoniate with roots
|
Mostly wind-pollination
Pollination via cones
|
Pollination by wind, insects, animals
Double fertilization occurs only here
|
| 8. Embryo (ভ্রূণ) | Absent
No zygote protection
|
Present
First embryophyte group
|
Present
Zygote → embryo → sporophyte
|
Present in seed
Zygote develops in ovule
|
Present, enclosed in fruit
Most efficient protection of embryo
|
| 9. Seed (বীজ) | Absent
Reproduce by spores only
|
Absent
Spore-based life cycle
|
Absent
Mostly homosporous, some heterosporous
|
Present, naked
No fruit, seeds in cones
|
Present, enclosed
Heterosporous → fruit and seed formation
|
| 10. Flower (ফুল) | Absent
No floral structure
|
Absent
Reproduction via gametangia
|
Absent
Reproduce via sporangia
|
Absent (cones present)
Male: microsporangiate cone; Female: megasporangiate cone
|
Present
Sepals, petals, stamens, carpels
|
| 11. Fruit (ফল) | Absent
No seed → no fruit
|
Absent
No ovary
|
Absent
No ovary/fruit
|
Absent
Ovule present, no ovary
|
Present
Ovule inside ovary; after fertilization → fruit
|
| 12. Examples (উদাহরণ) | Spirogyra, Ulva, Volvox | Marchantia, Funaria | Fern, Marsilea, Lycopodium | Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgo | Mango, Wheat, Mustard, Rose |
Extra NEET Notes (বিভিন্ন প্রশ্ন আসতে পারে):
- Double Fertilization – শুধুমাত্র Angiosperm-এ হয়।
- Heterospory – প্রথম দেখা যায় Selaginella (Pteridophyta) তে।
- First vascular plants – Pteridophytes
- Naked seeds – Gymnosperms
- Fruits only in – Angiosperms
- Xylem vessels absent in – Gymnosperms
- Embryo first appears in – Bryophytes
- Amphibians of plant kingdom – Bryophytes
- Plant group with maximum diversity – Angiosperms
উদ্ভিদ জীবনচক্রের তুলনামূলক টেবিল (NEET ফোকাস সহ)
Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperm ও Angiosperm এর জীবনচক্র বিশ্লেষণ
| বৈশিষ্ট্য | Algae | Bryophyta | Pteridophyta | Gymnosperm | Angiosperm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Life cycle type (জীবনচক্রের ধরন) | Haplontic, Diplontic বা Isomorphic (species-ভেদে) | Haplo-diplontic (Gametophyte dominant) | Haplo-diplontic (Sporophyte dominant) | Diplontic | Diplontic |
| NEET Info | Most green algae = haplontic; Ectocarpus = isomorphic; Fucus = diplontic | First land plants showing embryo; gametophyte is long-living | First with dominant sporophyte; still spore-producing | Highly reduced gametophyte; independent sporophyte | Gametophyte microscopic, double fertilization |
| 2. Dominant phase (প্রধান প্রজন্ম) | Gametophyte (n) | Gametophyte (n) | Sporophyte (2n) | Sporophyte (2n) | Sporophyte (2n) |
| NEET Info | Zygote is only diploid phase | Sporophyte depends on gametophyte | Gametophyte reduced; still visible | Gametophyte microscopic | Male = 3-celled pollen; Female = 7-celled embryo sac |
| 3. Gametophyte structure (n) | Multicellular, free-living | Large, photosynthetic | Small, short-lived | Further reduced, endosporic | Highly reduced, dependent (inside pollen/ovule) |
| NEET Info | May be isomorphic (e.g. Ulva) | Antheridia ও Archegonia স্পষ্ট | Develops from spores, short life | Microspores → male gametophyte | Microspore → pollen grain (n), Megaspore → embryo sac (n) |
| 4. Sporophyte structure (2n) | Only zygote (2n), meiosis restores haploid stage | Small, dependent on gametophyte | Large, photosynthetic, independent | Dominant, well-developed plant | Dominant, complex flowering plant |
| NEET Info | No multicellular sporophyte | Sporophyte grows on gametophyte | Has roots, stems, leaves, sporangia | Carries cones with ovules/pollen | Bears flower, fruit, seed |
| 5. Type of spores | Zoospores (motile), asexual reproduction | Haploid spores by meiosis | Mostly homosporous; some heterosporous (Selaginella) | Heterosporous (Microspore & Megaspore) | Heterosporous |
| NEET Info | Spores help in asexual reproduction | Meiosis in capsule of sporophyte | Heterospory → precursor of seed habit | Seeds develop from ovules | Most efficient reproductive strategy |
Life Cycle Types Summary (সংক্ষিপ্তসার):
| Plant Group | Life Cycle Type | Dominant Phase |
|---|---|---|
| Algae | Haplontic / Diplontic / Isomorphic | Gametophyte (usually) |
| Bryophyta | Haplo-diplontic | Gametophyte |
| Pteridophyta | Haplo-diplontic | Sporophyte |
| Gymnosperm | Diplontic | Sporophyte |
| Angiosperm | Diplontic | Sporophyte |
Key NEET Questions from Life Cycle:
- First plant group showing embryo? → Bryophyta
- Heterospory first seen in? → Selaginella (Pteridophyta)
- Most reduced gametophyte in which group? → Angiosperm
- Which group shows double fertilization? → Angiosperm
- Type of life cycle in ferns (Pteridophyta)? → Haplo-diplontic